Comprehensive guide to the Bohr atomic model: Discover how it solved hydrogen spectra, why it fails for complex atoms, practical applications in science, and why it's still taught despite quantum advancements.

Discover why ionization energy increases across a period in the periodic table, including atomic radius shrinkage, effective nuclear charge, shielding effects, and vital exceptions like Beryllium-Boron and Nitrogen-Oxygen with data tables.

Discover how Rutherford's gold foil experiment worked, why its results shattered the plum pudding model, and how it revealed the atomic nucleus. Explore the equipment used, critical findings, and lasting scientific impact.

Discover why protons have +1 elementary charge (+1.602e-19 C), how it's measured, its quark structure origins, and why this fundamental constant shapes our universe. With FAQs and comparisons.